hey guys....here i add some important term with explanation related to next lesson which is LINGUISTIC MORPHOLOGY
• MORPHEME = the smallest meaningful unit of language (any part of a word that cannot be broken down further into smaller meaningful parts, including the whole word itself). The word 'items' can be broken down into two meaningful parts: 'item' and the plural suffix '-s'; neither of these can be broken down into smaller parts that have a meaning. Therefore 'item' and '-s' are both morphemes.
• FREE MORPHEME = a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent word (e.g. 'item').
• BOUND MORPHEME = a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word, but must be attached to another morpheme/word (affixes, such as plural '-s', are always bound; roots are sometimes bound, e.g. the 'kep-' of 'kept' or the '-ceive' of 'receive'.
• BASE = an element (free or bound, root morpheme or complex word) to which additional morphemes are added. Also called a STEM. A base can consist of a single root morpheme, as with the 'kind' of 'kindness'. But a base can also be a word that itself contains more than one morpheme. For example, we can use the word 'kindness' as a base to form the word 'kindnesses'; to make 'kindnesses', we add the plural morpheme, spelled '-es' in this case, to the base 'kindness'.
• ROOT = a (usually free) morpheme around which words can be built up through the addition of affixes. The root usually has a more-soecific meaning than the affixes that attach to it. Ex.: The root 'kind' can have affixes added to it to form 'kindly', 'kindness', 'kinder', 'kindest'. The root is the item you have left when you strip all other morphemes off of a complex word. In the word dehumanizing, for example, if you strip off all the affixes -- -ing, -ize, and de-, human is what you have left. It cannot be divided further into meaningful parts. It is the root of the word.
• AFFIX = a bound morpheme which attaches to a base (root or stem). PREFIXES attach to the front of a base; SUFFIXES to the end of a base; INFIXES are inserted inside of a root. An example of a prefix is the 're-' of 'rewrite'; of a suffix, '-al' of 'critical'.
• INFLECTION = the process by which affixes combine with roots to indicate basic grammatical categories such as tense or plurality (e.g. in 'cat-s', 'talk-ed', '-s' an d'-ed' are inflectional suffixes). Inflection is viewed as the process of adding very general meanings to existing words, not as the creation of new words.
• DERIVATION = the process by which affixes combine with roots to create new words (e.g. in 'modern-ize', 'read-er', '-ize' and '-er' are derivational suffixes). Derivation is viewed as using existing words to make new words. The inflection/derivation difference is increasingly viewed as shades of gray rather than an absolute boundary. Derivation is much less regular, and therefore much less predictable, than inflectional morphology. For example, we can predict that most English words will form their plural by adding the affix <-s> or <-es>. But how we derive nouns from verbs, for example, is less predictable. Why do we add <-al> to 'refuse', making 'refusal', but '-ment' to 'pay' to make 'payment'? 'Payal' and 'refusement' are not possible English words. We have to do more memorizing in learning derivational morphology than in learning inflectional morphology.
CONTENT MORPHEME: A morpheme that has a relatively more-specific meaningthan a function morpheme; a morpheme that names a concept/idea in our record of experience of the world. Content morphemes fall into the classes of noun, verb, adjective, adverb.
• FUNCTION MORPHEME: A morpheme that has a relatively less-specific meaning than a content morpheme; a morpheme whose primary meaning/function is to signal relationships between other morphemes. Function morphemes generally fall into classes such as articles ('a', 'the'), prepositions ('of', 'at'), auxiliary verbs ('was eating', 'have slept'), etc.
• SIMPLE WORD = a word consisting of a single morpheme; a word that cannot be analyzed into smaller meaningful parts, e.g. 'item', 'five', 'chunk', 'the'.
• COMPLEX WORD = a word consisting of a root plus one or more affixes (e.g. 'items', 'walked', 'dirty').
• COMPOUND WORD = a word that is formed from two or more simple or complex words (e.g. landlord, red-hot, window cleaner).
• MORPHOPHONEMICS/ALLOMORPHY = the study of the processes by which morphemes change their pronunciation in certain situations.
• ALLOMORPHS = the different forms (pronunciations) of a single morpheme. Ex: the plural morpheme in English is {-z}. Its allomorphs are / s /, / z /, / @z /.** Also, the morpheme 'leaf' has two allomorphs: 'leaf' in words built from it (e.g.'leafy') and 'leav-', found only in the plural: 'leaves'.
** The 'at' sign ( = @ ) is used in internet exchanges as a replacement for the schwa symbol (the upside-down, backwards ). This is because it is not yet possible to transmit IPA symbols over the net to people whose machines do not contain phonetic fonts. In this document, I'll use the @ to stand for schwa *Inflectional morphology
Inflectional morphology on the other hand is involved when the inflectional bound morphemes are used to show the grammatical process or functions of a word. On inflectional morphology, Ayodele also adds that they are used to show if a word is plural or singular, present or past tense, etc. The plural –s and the past tense –d morphemes in English both have inflectional functions. Examples include:
(1) To show plural, e.g. (a) Boy + -s = boys (b) Girl + -s = girls (c) Church + -es = churches
(2) To show past tenses, e.g. (d) Walk + -ed = walked (e) Watch + -ed = watched (f) Play + -ed = played
(3) To show continuous tenses, e.g. (g) Walk + -ing = walking (h) Watch + -ing = watching (i) Play + -ing = playing
(4) To show the comparative forms of adjectives, e.g. (j) Tall + -er = taller (k) Big + -er = bigger (l) Small + -er = smaller
(5) To show the superlative forms of adjectives, e.g. (m) Tall + -est = tallest (n) Big + -est = biggest (o) Small + est = smallest
* "Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology studies the principles governing the construction of new words, without reference to the specific grammatical role a word might play in a sentence. In the formation of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from infect, for example, we see the formation of new words, each with its own grammatical properties."
# "Derivational prefixes do not normally alter the word class of the base word; that is, a prefix is added to a noun to form a new noun with a different meaning:
# "Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, usually change both the meaning and the word class; that is, a suffix is often added to a verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different meaning:
Fun and interesting way to enjoy English language :)
English is a Crazy Language
There is no egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren't invented in England nor French fries in France. Sweetmeats are candies while sweet-breads, which aren't sweet, are meat.
We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig. And why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce and hammers don't ham?
If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't the plural of booth beeth? One goose, 2 geese. So one moose, 2 meese? One index, 2 indices?
Doesn't it seem crazy that you can make amends but not one amend, that you can comb through the annals of history but not a single annal? If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what do you call it? If teachers taught, why didn't preachers praught? If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? If you wrote a letter, perhaps you bote your tongue?
Sometimes I think all the English speakers should be committed to an asylum for the verbally insane. In what other language do people recite at a play and play at a recital? Ship by truck and send cargo by ship? Have noses that run and feet that smell? Park on driveways and drive on parkways?
How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and wise guy are opposites? How can overlook and oversee be opposites, while quite a lot and quite a few are alike? How can the weather be hot as hell one day and cold as hell another.
Have you noticed that we talk about certain things only when they are absent?
Have you ever seen a horsefull carriage or a strapfull gown? Met a sung hero or experienced requited love? Have you ever run into someone who was combobulated, gruntled, ruly or peccable? And where are all those people who ARE spring chickens or who would ACTUALLY hurt a fly?
You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which an alarm clock goes off by going on.
English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race (which, of course, isn't a race at all). That is why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible.
American Indian languages • avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chipmunk, chocolate, chili, hammock, hominy, hurricane, maize, moccasin, moose, papoose, pecan, possum, potato, skunk, squaw, succotash, squash, tamale (via Spanish), teepee, terrapin, tobacco, toboggan, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam, woodchuck (plus thousands of place names, including Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatchewan and the names of more than half the states of the U.S., including Michigan, Texas, Nebraska, Illinois)
Chinese • chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee
hi friends.. i would like to share with you all some examples of abbreviations... :)
Tues. - Tuesday approx. - Approximately doz. - Dozen Aug. - August Prof. - Professor Aust. - Australia a.m. - ante meridiem p.m. - post meridiem i.e. - id est e.g. - exempli gratia Rd - Road Govt - government Dept - department ft - feet Mr - Mister mfg - manufacturing Dr - Doctor Mme - Madame Pty - Proprietary Ltd - Limited
BA - Bachelor of Arts BBA - Bachelor of Business Administration BS - Bachelor of Science DA - Doctor of Arts EdD - Doctor of Education JD - Doctor of Law LLB - Bachelor of Laws (legum baccalaureus) LLD - Doctor of Laws (legum doctor) LLM - Master of Laws (legum magister) MA - Master of Arts MBA - Master of Business Administration MD - Doctor of Medicine (medicinae doctor) MS - Master of Science PhD - Doctor of Philosophy
Hello Friends,
ReplyDeleteCheck out this link on parts of speech. It has a clear explanation if you interested on getting additional notes :)
http://library.thinkquest.org/J0111282/vocabulary.htm
This website,is to enhance our understanding about the same word with different strings.:-)
Deletehttp://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-56983.php
hey guys....here i add some important term with explanation related to next lesson which is LINGUISTIC MORPHOLOGY
ReplyDelete• MORPHEME = the smallest meaningful unit of language (any part of a word that cannot be broken down further into smaller meaningful parts, including the whole word itself). The word 'items' can be broken down into two meaningful parts: 'item' and the plural suffix '-s'; neither of these can be broken down into smaller parts that have a meaning. Therefore 'item' and '-s' are both morphemes.
• FREE MORPHEME = a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent word (e.g. 'item').
• BOUND MORPHEME = a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word, but must be attached to another morpheme/word (affixes, such as plural '-s', are always bound; roots are sometimes bound, e.g. the 'kep-' of 'kept' or the '-ceive' of 'receive'.
• BASE = an element (free or bound, root morpheme or complex word) to which additional morphemes are added. Also called a STEM. A base can consist of a single root morpheme, as with the 'kind' of 'kindness'. But a base can also be a word that itself contains more than one morpheme. For example, we can use the word 'kindness' as a base to form the word 'kindnesses'; to make 'kindnesses', we add the plural morpheme, spelled '-es' in this case, to the base 'kindness'.
• ROOT = a (usually free) morpheme around which words can be built up through the addition of affixes. The root usually has a more-soecific meaning than the affixes that attach to it. Ex.: The root 'kind' can have affixes added to it to form 'kindly', 'kindness', 'kinder', 'kindest'. The root is the item you have left when you strip all other morphemes off of a complex word. In the word dehumanizing, for example, if you strip off all the affixes -- -ing, -ize, and de-, human is what you have left. It cannot be divided further into meaningful parts. It is the root of the word.
• AFFIX = a bound morpheme which attaches to a base (root or stem). PREFIXES attach to the front of a base; SUFFIXES to the end of a base; INFIXES are inserted inside of a root. An example of a prefix is the 're-' of 'rewrite'; of a suffix, '-al' of 'critical'.
• INFLECTION = the process by which affixes combine with roots to indicate basic grammatical categories such as tense or plurality (e.g. in 'cat-s', 'talk-ed', '-s' an d'-ed' are inflectional suffixes). Inflection is viewed as the process of adding very general meanings to existing words, not as the creation of new words.
• DERIVATION = the process by which affixes combine with roots to create new words (e.g. in 'modern-ize', 'read-er', '-ize' and '-er' are derivational suffixes). Derivation is viewed as using existing words to make new words. The inflection/derivation difference is increasingly viewed as shades of gray rather than an absolute boundary. Derivation is much less regular, and therefore much less predictable, than inflectional morphology. For example, we can predict that most English words will form their plural by adding the affix <-s> or <-es>. But how we derive nouns from verbs, for example, is less predictable. Why do we add <-al> to 'refuse', making 'refusal', but '-ment' to 'pay' to make 'payment'? 'Payal' and 'refusement' are not possible English words. We have to do more memorizing in learning derivational morphology than in learning inflectional morphology.
CONTENT MORPHEME: A morpheme that has a relatively more-specific meaningthan a function morpheme; a morpheme that names a concept/idea in our record of experience of the world. Content morphemes fall into the classes of noun, verb, adjective, adverb.
ReplyDelete• FUNCTION MORPHEME: A morpheme that has a relatively less-specific meaning than a content morpheme; a morpheme whose primary meaning/function is to signal relationships between other morphemes. Function morphemes generally fall into classes such as articles ('a', 'the'), prepositions ('of', 'at'), auxiliary verbs ('was eating', 'have slept'), etc.
• SIMPLE WORD = a word consisting of a single morpheme; a word that cannot be analyzed into smaller meaningful parts, e.g. 'item', 'five', 'chunk', 'the'.
• COMPLEX WORD = a word consisting of a root plus one or more affixes (e.g. 'items', 'walked', 'dirty').
• COMPOUND WORD = a word that is formed from two or more simple or complex words (e.g. landlord, red-hot, window cleaner).
• MORPHOPHONEMICS/ALLOMORPHY = the study of the processes by which morphemes change their pronunciation in certain situations.
• ALLOMORPHS = the different forms (pronunciations) of a single morpheme. Ex: the plural morpheme in English is {-z}. Its allomorphs are / s /, / z /, / @z /.** Also, the morpheme 'leaf' has two allomorphs: 'leaf' in words built from it (e.g.'leafy') and 'leav-', found only in the plural: 'leaves'.
** The 'at' sign ( = @ ) is used in internet exchanges as a replacement for the schwa symbol (the upside-down, backwards ). This is because it is not yet possible to transmit IPA symbols over the net to people whose machines do not contain phonetic fonts. In this document, I'll use the @ to stand for schwa
*Inflectional morphology
Inflectional morphology on the other hand is involved when the inflectional bound morphemes are used to show the grammatical process or functions of a word. On inflectional morphology, Ayodele also adds that they are used to show if a word is plural or singular, present or past tense, etc. The plural –s and the past tense –d morphemes in English both have inflectional functions. Examples include:
(1) To show plural, e.g.
(a) Boy + -s = boys
(b) Girl + -s = girls
(c) Church + -es = churches
(2) To show past tenses, e.g.
(d) Walk + -ed = walked
(e) Watch + -ed = watched
(f) Play + -ed = played
(3) To show continuous tenses, e.g.
(g) Walk + -ing = walking
(h) Watch + -ing = watching
(i) Play + -ing = playing
(4) To show the comparative forms of adjectives, e.g.
(j) Tall + -er = taller
(k) Big + -er = bigger
(l) Small + -er = smaller
(5) To show the superlative forms of adjectives, e.g.
(m) Tall + -est = tallest
(n) Big + -est = biggest
(o) Small + est = smallest
* "Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology studies the principles governing the construction of new words, without reference to the specific grammatical role a word might play in a sentence. In the formation of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from infect, for example, we see the formation of new words, each with its own grammatical properties."
# "Derivational prefixes do not normally alter the word class of the base word; that is, a prefix is added to a noun to form a new noun with a different meaning:
* patient: outpatient
* group: subgroup
* trial: retrial
# "Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, usually change both the meaning and the word class; that is, a suffix is often added to a verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different meaning:
* adjective--dark: darkness
* verb--agree: agreement
* noun--friend: friendship"
Hmmm,such a lot of information....I wonder why it was not made use of in class this afternoon????
ReplyDeleteSo,what did you understand from the above,Yogan?Can you give your own examples?
ReplyDeleteFun and interesting way to enjoy English language :)
ReplyDeleteEnglish is a Crazy Language
There is no egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren't invented in England nor French fries in France. Sweetmeats are candies while sweet-breads, which aren't sweet, are meat.
We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig. And why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce and hammers don't ham?
If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't the plural of booth beeth? One goose, 2 geese. So one moose, 2 meese? One index, 2 indices?
Doesn't it seem crazy that you can make amends but not one amend, that you can comb through the annals of history but not a single annal? If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what do you call it? If teachers taught, why didn't preachers praught? If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? If you wrote a letter, perhaps you bote your tongue?
Sometimes I think all the English speakers should be committed to an asylum for the verbally insane. In what other language do people recite at a play and play at a recital? Ship by truck and send cargo by ship? Have noses that run and feet that smell? Park on driveways and drive on parkways?
How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and wise guy are opposites? How can overlook and oversee be opposites, while quite a lot and quite a few are alike? How can the weather be hot as hell one day and cold as hell another.
Have you noticed that we talk about certain things only when they are absent?
Have you ever seen a horsefull carriage or a strapfull gown? Met a sung hero or experienced requited love? Have you ever run into someone who was combobulated, gruntled, ruly or peccable? And where are all those people who ARE spring chickens or who would ACTUALLY hurt a fly?
You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which an alarm clock goes off by going on.
English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race (which, of course, isn't a race at all). That is why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible.
Hehehe,interesting,Jennifer......!
DeleteFriends, here are some borrowed words.. Hope you might get some knowledge..
ReplyDeleteSpanish
• armada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar, marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla, vigilante
Sanskrit
• avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga
Hindi
• bandanna, bangle, bungalow, chintz, cot, cummerbund, dungaree, juggernaut, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas, punch (the drink), shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree
Dravidian
• curry, mango, teak, pariah
Persian (Farsi)
• check, checkmate, chess
Arabic
• bedouin, emir, jakir, gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan
African languages
• banana (via Portuguese), banjo, boogie-woogie, chigger, goober, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, jitterbug, jitters, juke(box), voodoo, yam, zebra, zombie
American Indian languages
• avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chipmunk, chocolate, chili, hammock, hominy, hurricane, maize, moccasin, moose, papoose, pecan, possum, potato, skunk, squaw, succotash, squash, tamale (via Spanish), teepee, terrapin, tobacco, toboggan, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam, woodchuck (plus thousands of place names, including Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatchewan and the names of more than half the
states of the U.S., including Michigan, Texas, Nebraska, Illinois)
Chinese
• chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee
Japanese
• geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai, soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami
Pacific Islands
• bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks
Australia
• boomerang, budgerigar, didgeridoo, kangaroo (and many more in Australian English)
Blends..
ReplyDelete• afterthoughtful (afterthought + thoughtful)
• agitprop (agitation + propaganda)
• alcopop (alcohol + pop)
• bash (bat + mash)
• Breathalyzer (breath + analyzer)
• camcorder (camera + recorder)
• clash (clap + crash)
• docudrama (documentary + drama)
• electrocute (electricity + execute)
• emoticon (emote + icon)
• faction (fact + fiction)
• fanzine {fan + magazine)
• flare (flame + glare)
• flirtationship (flirting + relationship)
• glimmer (gleam + shimmer)
• guitarthritis (guitar + arthritis)
• infotainment (information + entertainment)
• Jazzercize (jazz + exercise)
• moped (motor + pedal)
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletehi friends.. i would like to share with you all some examples of abbreviations... :)
ReplyDeleteTues. - Tuesday
approx. - Approximately
doz. - Dozen
Aug. - August
Prof. - Professor
Aust. - Australia
a.m. - ante meridiem
p.m. - post meridiem
i.e. - id est
e.g. - exempli gratia
Rd - Road
Govt - government
Dept - department
ft - feet
Mr - Mister
mfg - manufacturing
Dr - Doctor
Mme - Madame
Pty - Proprietary
Ltd - Limited
BA - Bachelor of Arts
BBA - Bachelor of Business Administration
BS - Bachelor of Science
DA - Doctor of Arts
EdD - Doctor of Education
JD - Doctor of Law
LLB - Bachelor of Laws (legum baccalaureus)
LLD - Doctor of Laws (legum doctor)
LLM - Master of Laws (legum magister)
MA - Master of Arts
MBA - Master of Business Administration
MD - Doctor of Medicine (medicinae doctor)
MS - Master of Science
PhD - Doctor of Philosophy