As to what to do next week,students have to research on the following:
a)Phrase structure and words....what does it mean?Bring examples for discussion.
b)Noun phrases,adjective phrases,quantifiers,verb phrases,prepositional phrases...read and understand the research.
P/S:Come prepared for a discussion...
Phrase structure
ReplyDelete- the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences.
Word Structure
-Many words can be divided into smaller parts, where the parts also occur in other words:
dogs walking blackens player-hater
dog-s walk-ing black-en-s play-er hat-er
Compare: cat-s; runn-ing; dark-en-s; eat-er
The smaller parts occur consistently with many words:
-s: forms the plural consistently
-ing: forms a noun from a verb
-en: forms a verb meaning ‘become ADJ’ from an adjective ADJ
-er: forms an agentive nominal from a verb, a person or thing who does that activity
List of phrase types
Noun Phrase Types
Non-referential noun phrase
Non-referential noun phrases, also called expletives, such as there in There was a row and it in It was raining, are not assigned frame element labels and consequently cannot have phrase types either. Such constituents are marked only on the Other layer.
Possessive Noun Phrase (Poss)
The type possessive noun phrase includes both the possessive determiners, shown in (1), as well as noun phrases with the 's-genitive clitic, shown in (2).
(1) {My, your, his, her, its, our, their} arrival surprised everyone.
(2) {John's, the President's, ...} statement will be aired at 8 p.m.
Non-maximal Nominal (N)
Nominals that are not referentially complete, especially in compounds, are given the phrase type label N. Such nominals may themselves be internally complex.
(3) [fast food] allergy
(4) [car] manufacturer
Standard Noun Phrase (NP)
Referentially complete noun phrases that could fill core verbal argument slots are assigned the label standard NP, as in the examples below.
(5) [My neighbor] is a lot like my father.
(6) [John] said so, too.
(7) [You] want more ice-cream?
(8) [The notebook I found] 19 to Sue.
(9) [Two women] came in.
Prepositional Phrase Types
Prepositional Phrases (PP)
Two types of Prepositional Phrases are assigned the phrase type PP.
•Standard Prepositional Phrase (with NP object)
Scrape it back [into the microwave bowl].
•Particle (with no object)
I carefully peeled the skin [off]
PPing (Preposition with gerund object)
Peter thought [about going home]
Verb Phrase types
ReplyDeleteFinite Verb Phrase
Who did she believe [had left]?
Nonfinite Verb Phrase
(Bare Stem Verb Phrase)
We made him [go to the store again]
(To-Marked Infinitive Verb Phrase)
What should she do [to test her hypothesis]? (Participial Verb Phrase)
The twist it included in the storyline had me [tickled].
(Gerundive Verb Phrase)
Visitors don't enjoy [filling out HTML forms].
Adjective Phrase Types
•Non-maximal Adjective (A) This phrase type label is used for relational adjectives modifying noun targets
[economic] policy
[educational] excellence
•Standard Adjective Phrase
Philip has [bright green] eyes.
The light turned [red].
Adverb Phrase
All items at [greatly] reduced prices!
I've been doing that all night and, [quite frankly], my jaw aches.
Quantifier Phrases (QUANT)
I have [two] bottles of correction fluid on the stand beside my favorite seat.
We can study the structure of language in a variety of ways. For example, we can study classes of words (parts of speech), meanings of words, with or without considering changes of meaning (semantics), how words are organised in relation to each other and in larger constructions (syntax), how words are formed from smaller meaningful units (morphology), the sounds of words (perception and pronunciation or articulation), and how they form patterns of knowledge in the speaker's mind (phonetics and phonology) and how standardized written forms represent words (orthography). Since this website is primarily devoted to the exploration of English throught its words, the focus in this website is on morphology (word stucture) and other aspects of words, such as etymology, lexical semantic change, word usage, lexical types of words, and words marking specific linguistic varieties.
ReplyDeleteGood research,Tulasi.Try to give your own examples...
ReplyDeleteNoun phrases
ReplyDeleteA phrase is a group of words that is part of a clause.
For example, a noun phrase is a noun and some associated words, such as plural noun: 'students', noun phrase 'These mature students'. This example contains a determiner 'These'; an adjective 'mature'; and a plural noun 'students'.
A determiner determines which noun is being described. Other determiners include articles such as 'The', 'A', and 'An', and also words like 'Some', 'His', 'Hers', 'This', 'That', 'Those'.
A noun phrase can have many adjectives, but they need to be in a special order. Click here for more information on adjective order.
A noun phrase can also include a relative clause; e.g. 'These mature students who are standing here'. The verb 'are standing' is part of the relative clause, so it is not the main verb of the sentence. To make a sentence it is necessary to add a main verb and an object or complement;
e.g. 'These mature students who are standing here are waiting for the teacher.'
Verbs
Verbs can be single words such as 'like', or be a verb phrase and so have more than one word;
e.g. 'would have liked to have been' in 'I would have liked to have been a pilot, but my eyesight isn't good enough'.
Verbs can show when something happened, how long for, and whether there are present results.
Clauses
A sentence usually has at least one clause. A clause is a subject (a noun or noun phrase), a verb, and a complement. The complement may be an object noun or noun phrase, or another kind of phrase, such as an adjective;
e.g. 'fast' in 'I can run fast.' A simple sentence has one clause, but a compound sentence has more than one;
e.g. 'I can run fast and my brother can jump high'.
Complement
A word or phrase that identifies, classifies or describes the subject or object.
Predicate
A predicate is a main verb and words that either classify the subject or describe an action.
Adjectives cannot be written in any order.
1.Determiner or article
Determiners e.g. this, that, these, those, my, mine, your, yours, him, his, her, hers, they, their, Sam's ; or
Articles - a, an, the
2.Opinion adjective
e.g. polite, fun, cute, difficult, hard-working
3.Size, including adjectives, comparatives and superlatives
height; e.g. tall, short, high, low; taller, tallest
width; e.g. wide, narrow, thin, slim; wider, widest
length; e.g. long, short; longer, longest
volume; e.g. fat, huge; fatter, fattest
4.Shape
e.g. circular, oval, triangular, square, 5-sided, hexagonal, irregular
5.Age
e.g. new, young, adolescent, teenage, middle-aged, old, ancient
6.Colour
e.g. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, white, grey, black, black and white, light blue, dark red, pale blue, reddish brown, off-white, bright green, warm yellow
7.Nationality
e.g. Hong Kong, Chinese, English, American, Canadian, Japanese
8.Religion
e.g. Buddhist, Taoist, Christian, Moslem, pagan, atheist
9.Material
e.g. wood, plastic, metal, ceramic, paper, silk
10.Noun used as an adjective
e.g. campus (as in 'campus activities')
11.The noun that the adjectives are describing.
Adjective phrases modify nouns. They may be attributive (appearing before the noun) or predicative (appearing after a linking verb), but not all adjectives can be used in both positions.
a.[ADJECTIVE PHRASES]
for example:It was cold, bleak, biting weather.
Verb Phrase can be identified by . . . substitution procedures.
ReplyDeletefor example:I was reading the letter to John.
The combination of a preposition and a noun phrase is called a prepositional phrase. A word group (such as in front of or on top of) that functions like a simple, one-word preposition is called a complex preposition.
Simple Prepositions:
-aboard
-about
-above
-across
-after
-against
for example: The girl read in the library.
Quantifiers usually appear in front of nouns;for example: in all children), but they may also function as pronouns.
for examples: a lot of students has arrived.
Therefore students is the head of the noun group and a lot of is a complex Quantifier.
Similarly, it is also normal to say a number of students have arrived not a number of students has arrived, that is, to treat a number of as a complex Quantifier.
for examples:
a. All of my relatives are farmers.
b. My relatives all are farmers.
c. My relatives are all farmers.
d. I want [all of my friends to be at the airport].
e. I want my friends all to be at the airport.
f. I want my friends to all be at the airport.
g. I want my friends to be all at the airport.
Noun phrase (NP)
ReplyDelete-roy (n)
-the boy
-a little boy
-a boy in a bubble
A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing and the modifiers which distinguish it.
we can find the noun dog in a sentence, for example, but we don't know which canine the writer means until it consider the entire noun phrase: that dog, Aunt Audrey's dog, the dog on the sofa, the neighbor's dog that chases our cat, the dog digging in the new flower bed.
Modifiers can come before or after the noun. Ones that come before might include articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives, and/or participles.
Articles: a dog, the dog
Possessive nouns: Aunt Audrey's dog, the neighbor's dog, the police officer's dog
Possessive pronouns: Our dog, her dog, their dog
Adjectives: That dog, the big dog, the spotted dog
Participles: The drooling dog, the barking dog, the well trained dog
-preposition phrase
The prepositional phrase consists of the preposition, its object, and modifiers of the object. The
object of the preposition is always a noun, pronoun, or a group of words used as a noun.
To find the object of the preposition, first say the preposition, then ask, "Whom or what?"
beside during on underneath
-above
-apart from
-besides
-except
-onto until
-according to
-around
-between
-for
-out (out of)
-up
quantifier
We use quantifiers when we want to give someone information about the number of something: how much or how many.
Sometimes we use a quantifier in the place of a determiner:
Most children start school at the age of five.
We ate some bread and butter.
We saw lots of birds.
We use these quantifiers with both count and uncount nouns:
all, any, enough, less, a lot of, lots of, more, most, no, none of, some...
Verb phrase—consists of a main verb preceded by at least one helping verb(auxiliary verb).
-am,is,are,was,were,be
other helping verbs
-can,could,should,may,must,would,might,shall,will
example of sentence - She had always been thinking of her future.
adjective phrase
An adjective phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adjective.
The magistrate was a kind man. (Here the adjective kind modifies the noun man.)
The magistrate was a man with a kind heart. (Here the adjective phrase ‘with a kind heart’ modifies the noun man.)
They lived in a stone house.
They lived in a house built of stone.
The workers belonged to a hill tribe.
The workers belonged to a tribe dwelling in the hills.
examples:
A golden necklace – a necklace made of gold
A white coat – a coat of white color
A jungle track – a track through the jungle
A deserted city – a city with no inhabitants
A wooden hut – a hut built of wood
A blank page – a page with no writing on it
Phrase structure a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar.It is used to break down a natural language sentences into it's connstituent parts.
ReplyDeleteS= NP,VP
NP= N,D,ADJ,PP
VP= NP,V,PP
This comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteS=Sentence
DeleteNP=Noun Phrase
VP=Verb Phrase
D=Determiner
ADJ=Adjectives
PP=Preposition Phrase
example:
The tall runner won a prize at the race
The=D
tall=ADJ
runner=N
won=V
a=D
prize=N
at=P
the=D
race=N